While the 21st century has witnessed significant reductions in global poverty, progress has been uneven across regions and countries. Many developing nations have encountered a hurdle known as the "middle-income trap," which hampers their efforts to economic development and eradicate poverty. China's successful elimination of absolute poverty serves as an instructive case study for global poverty alleviation strategies; however, it also faces forthcoming challenges. This conference aims to illuminate the multifaceted challenges experienced by middle-income and low-income populations, with a focus on promoting inclusive and sustainable growth while navigating the middle-income obstacle.